Combine chili powder, salt, pepper, and lime juice in a bowl. Add the chicken thighs and toss to coat evenly. Let marinate while you prepare the other ingredients.
Heat the skillet over medium-high heat and add the oil. When shimmering, place the chicken thighs in a single layer, searing until deep golden and slightly caramelized, about 4-5 minutes per side.
While the chicken cooks, thinly slice the red onion and combine with vinegar and sugar in a bowl. Let it sit for at least 10 minutes until the onions soften and develop a vibrant tang.
Check that the chicken is cooked through—juicy, with an internal temperature of 75°C/165°F—and then transfer to a cutting board. Rest for 5 minutes, then chop or shred into bite-sized pieces.
Warm the tortillas in a dry skillet or microwave until soft and pliable, about 20-30 seconds. Keep covered to stay warm.
Assemble each taco by placing some shredded chicken on a warm tortilla, topping with pickled onions, a dollop of sour cream, and a squeeze of fresh lime for brightness.
Serve immediately, allowing the smoky aroma of seared chicken and citrus to fill the air, making each bite irresistible.